August 11, 2009

Mirin/味醂(みりん)

Today, let me talk a little bit about mirin. I've wanted to talk about Japanese seasonings in some detail here, and I've wanted to start with mirin, because it is peculiar to Japanese cuisine.
In general, there are three types of mirin that are readily available in supermarkets in Japan: Hon mirin, hakko (jozo) chomiryo, and mirin-fu chomiryo.
今日は味醂(みりん)ついて少し話します。前から、日本の調味料について話したいと思っていましたが、みりんは日本料理独特のものなので、みりんから始めたいと思います。
一般的に、日本のスーパーですぐに手に入るみりんには3種類あります。本みりん、発酵(醸造)調味料、みりん風調味料です。





Left: Hon mirin
Raw materials: Mochi rice, rice, malt rice, jozo alcohol (distilled alcohol*), sugars
* Jozo alcohol is alcohol for brewing, but seems to be usually translated into distilled alcohol. Jozo alcohol is used in the process of making sake.
Alcohol content: 11.5 to 12.5%
Middle: Hakko (or jozo) chomiryo (fermented (or brewed) seasoning)
Raw ingredients: Mizuame (starch syrup), alcohol, salt, wheat fermented seasoning, rice/malt rice, acidic ingredients
Alcohol content: 8.5%
Salt content: 1.7%
Right: Mirin-fu chomiryo (mirin-like seasoning)
Raw materials: Mizuame (starch syrup), rice/malt rice brewed seasoning, brewed vinegar, acidic components
左: 本みりん
原材料: もち米、米、米こうじ、醸造アルコール*、糖類
*醸造アルコールとは醸造用アルコールのことですが、通常、distilled alcoholと訳されるようです。醸造アルコールは日本酒の製造過程で使われます。
アルコール分: 11.5度以上12.5度未満
中央: 発酵(醸造)調味料
原材料: 水あめ、アルコール、食塩、小麦発酵調味液、米・米こうじ、酸味料
アルコール分: 8.5%
塩分: 1.7%
右: みりん風調味料
原材料: 水あめ、米・米こうじの醸造調味料、醸造酢、酸味料

Of the three, only hon mirin is real mirin, while the other two are mirin-like products. Hon mirin is the most expensive, while mirin-fu chomiryo is the least expensive. Note that hakko chomiryo contains some salt to make it undrinkable (that is, to avoid liquor tax). You would hear people say, "Use hon mirin." I personally wouldn't say so. Reason? I can hardly tell the difference among the dishes made with them.
3つのうち、本みりんだけがみりんで、他の2つはみりんに似た製品です。本みりんが一番高価で、みりん風調味料が一番安価です。発酵調味料には、飲用できないよう(つまり、酒税を逃れるため)塩分が少し入っています。「本みりんを使え」と言う人が多いようですが、私自身はそうは思いません。理由は、どれを使って料理を作っても、その違いが殆ど分からないからです。

Anyway, hon mirin is said to have these six features:
1. Has a mild sweetness because it contains different types of sugars, such as glucose and oligosaccharide, whereas sugar has a strong sweetness because it is pure sucrose.
2. Gives the surface of the ingredients gloss and luster.
3. Keeps the ingredients from disintegrating, because of the sugars and alcohol contained in it.
4. Has deep body and umami due to the combination of the umami components, sugars, and other components produced from mochi rice.
5. The alcohol penetrates the ingredients quickly, making it easy for flavors to penetrate the ingredients.
6. Eliminates odor. The alcohol, which has penetrated the ingredients, takes the odor away when it evaporates. Also, it causes changes to odor components because of the reaction with sugars, amino acids, and organic acids.
ともかく、本みりんは次の6つの特徴があると言われています。
1.多種類の糖類を含んでいるので、柔らかい甘み。それに対して、砂糖はショ糖だけなので強い甘み。
2.具材の表面にテリとツヤをつける。
3.含まれる糖類やアルコールのため、具材の煮くずれを防ぐ。
4.もち米からできる旨み成分、糖類、その他の成分が組み合わさって、深いコクと旨みがある。
5.アルコールが具材にすぐ染み込み、具材に味が染み込みやすくする。
6.消臭。具材に染み込んだアルコールが蒸発する際に臭いを連れ出す。また、アルコール・糖類・アミノ酸・有機酸の反応で臭い成分に変化を起こす。
Reference/参考: Webpage of Zenkoku Mirin Kyokai/全国味醂協会のウェブページ (Japanese only)
(To be continued)/続く

11 comments:

  1. Hiro,

    thanks for clearing that up, my japanese grocer only stocks the mirin type seasoning. It must be due to the quantity needed by the average household that it is produced in such huge quantities to be so inexpensive even in new york!

    How about a post on miso? Now that is really confusing!

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  2. Miso? Oh, yes, I will cover that subject some day, after the O-Bon vacation. I'm sure a lot of Japanese will visit your country during the vacation!

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  3. Thank you for this post! I love cooking with mirin. It's good to know the different types.

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  4. pink: There will be another post about mirin after the O-bon vacation!

    ReplyDelete
  5. Dear Hiroyuki,
    this is great information, here in Germany I didnt have any idea about different mirin kinds.
    My cookbooks dont provide such information.

    Do you know: "manjo mirin"? I think this is a kikkoman brand.I have a "problem" with this kind, is this "hon" or not?
    My problem is, if I look at the label with igredients in english it doesnt look like "hon" but the german label looks like.
    After I have read your post first time, I discovered here in Germany "mirin taste" is sold as "hon mirin" for very high price.:-(
    It seems the trasnlation is wrong on purpose, so it looks like real mirin, and they can make more money.
    Now I try to make it more clear on my blog, because I dont like the shops doing this.

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  6. Me again, sorry.

    Is "shio mirin" and "Hakko chomiryo" the same?
    Thank you!

    I will translate and use this great information on my blog.

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  7. Amano: Can you identify the product you are talking about from here:
    http://www.kikkoman.co.jp/manjo/index02.html
    If you are talking about this brand:
    http://www.kikkoman.co.jp/products/product.php?appName=products&modName=shohinDetail&actionName=index&shouhin_id=K100505
    It's a hon mirin. The ingredients are:
    Mochi rice, rice, rice koji, jozo alcohol, and sugars.

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  8. Shio mirin = Hakko chomiryo = Jozo chomiryo.
    I guess you are referring to the entry of mirin in Wikipedia.
    I'd like to point out that there is one stupid explanation about mirin in that entry in Wikipedia:
    In the Kansai style of cooking, mirin is briefly boiled before using, to allow some of the alcohol to evaporate, while in the Kantō regional style, the mirin is used untreated. Kansai-style boiled mirin is called nikiri mirin (煮切り味醂),[8] literally "thoroughly boiled mirin."
    This is not true. Nikiri mirin is used in both Kanto (Eastern Japan) and Kansai (Western Japan).
    For those dishes (such as aemono (dressed dishes)) that are not heated, you need to evaporate the alcohol before using the mirin, that's all.

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  9. One more thing: The kanji for hon is:

    which means real.
    So, if a product has this label:
    本みりん
    then it's a hon mirin.
    But the word hon is somewhat deceptive because there is another kind of mirin, real, traditional, and authetic mirin, like 3-year and 10-year(!) mirin.

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  10. Dear Hiro,
    Thank you so much for all the useful information, you are a great source!
    I didn’t want to have some wrong information on my blog, now you saved me. 
    Here in Germany we have a lot of confusion about mirin. Many Asian markets belong to Chinese or Vietnamese people who sell Korean and Japanese products- you can imagine how confusing it is!
    Yes, exactly, this was the mirin kind I was looking for: manjo mirin/kikkoman. Thank you!

    I have this fantastic book from Hiroko Shimbo (250 traditional recipes), there she also states, it’s not easy to get good, "real" hon mirin.
    I know just one shop; they sell macrobiotic/organic food and have some traditional Japanese products and hon mirin. It’s pretty expensive; it is “mikawa mirin”.

    Yes, it was the wikipedia entry which confused me; I couldn’t find much useful information about mirin, only here on your blog.
    I already did wonder about some aemono recipes, these sometimes called for mirin but I never knew, should I cook mirin before I use it or not. Now I know.

    If you are interested what kinds of mirin we have here, maybe you like to see the assortment from a Japanese food online shop here: Dae Yang Shop http://www.dae-yang.de/epages/62238787.sf/secYh_hioiiUiI/?ViewAction=View&ObjectID=16161532
    This shop is in Düsseldorf, and it’s the city with the biggest Japanese community in Germany. But you will see they label some mirin as hon, some not...

    Here I buy my food for Japanese cooking but also in few organic food stores.

    I’m sorry, I answer this late, and I didn’t check the box about letting me know you answered.

    Will you write some similar posts about shoyu or miso?

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  11. Amato: Thanks for the link. It is confusing for those who can't read Japanese! But as I said previously, if you see the kanji for hon

    it is a hon mirin, and if you see the kanji for fu

    which means "-style", "-like", etc.,
    as in
    みりん風
    (mirin-like)
    then it is not a mirin but a mirin-like product.
    The term "shin-mi-ryo" (new-flavor-seasoning)
    新味料
    is used by some manufacturers, especially King Jozou, which produces Hinode brand mirin and mirin-like products.

    I will post about shoyu and miso some day; it's only that I can't promise when!

    ReplyDelete